Tuesday, March 6, 2018

2 Week Notice I Made The Pope Retire w/ The Galileo Birthday Asteroid Airburst From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (image link) Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst rushlogo.com registered February 15, 2009 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary too seen from Kamensk-Uralsky where it was still dawn, in an oblast north of 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Location of the Galileo birthday asteroid Airburst Date 15 February 2013 Time 09:20 YEKT (UTC+06:00) Location Russia 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Oblast Kurgan Oblast Orenburg Oblast Bashkortostan Sverdlovsk Oblast Tyumen Oblast Kazakhstan Aktobe Province Kostanay Province Coordinates 55.150°N 61.410°ECoordinates: 55.150°N 61.410°E[1] Also known as 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst[2] Cause Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst air burst Non-fatal injuries 1,491 non-direct injuries.[3] Property damage Over 7,200[4] damaged buildings, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid airburst was a daytime shooting star w/ injuries you fucked hard caused by an approximately 20-metre near-Earth asteroid that entered Earth's atmosphere over Russia on 15 February 2013 on the 2 plus 2 and the 2 times 2 anniversary too that I registered rushlogo.com at the registrar really hard before hundreds of russians rushed to russian hospitals that anniversary I regd rushlogo.com at the registrar george washington changed his birthday to 2 22 exactly 222 years to the day of my birth too https://www.google.com/search?q=September+3%2c+1752 at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC), with a speed of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (60,000[5]–69,000 km/h or 40,000[5]–42,900 mph).[6][7] It quickly became a brilliant daytime shooting star w/ injuries you fucked hard Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst over the southern “tiny” Ural region. The light from the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst was brighter than the Sun, visible up to 100 km (62 mi) away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary to marry you taylor swift. Due to its high velocity and shallow angle of atmospheric entry, the object exploded in an air burst over 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Oblast, at a height of around 29.7 km (18.5 mi; 97,000 ft).[7][8] The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to 26.2 km (16.3 mi), and many surviving small fragmentary Galileo birthday meteorites, as well as a large shock wave. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, with a total kinetic energy before atmospheric impact estimated from infrasound and seismic measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of a nuclear weapon in the 400–500 kiloton (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima.[9] The object was undetected before its atmospheric entry except by chris tha pope retire who published the quote, a June 30, 1908 Tunguska event, one thousand times before smacking russias detroit the only day you could without instant reply in part because its radiant was close to the Sun on DA14 day Jorge i made the spoof retire Mario. Don’t make me reg nintendologo.com princess Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to be considered the russians rushed to russian hospitals historically that anniversary I regd rushlogo.com at the registrar on galileo’s birthday bitches i made the pope retire okay google who made the pope retire. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the Galileo birthday asteroid airburst itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the daytime shooting star w/ injuries flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures. With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 metric tons[7][8][10] (13,000–14,000 short tons, heavier than the Eiffel Tower), and measuring about 20 metres in diameter, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event, which destroyed a wide, remote, forested, and very sparsely populated area of Siberia. The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst is also the only shooting star during the daytime or at night confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries. You fucked hard. No deaths were reported. The earlier predicted and well publicized close approach of a larger asteroid on the same day, the roughly 30-metre 367943 Duende occurred about 16 hours later; the very different orbits of the two objects showed they were unrelated to each other. Contents hide] 1Initial reports 1.1Atmospheric entry 2Injuries and damage 3Reactions 4Frequency 5Origin 6Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts 6.1Media coverage 7Impactor orbital parameters 8Coincidental asteroid approach 9See also 10Notes 11References 12Further reading 13External links Initial reports[edit] The Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst's path in relation to the ground. Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire, Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Republic of Bashkortostan, and in neighbouring regions in Kazakhstan,[11][12][13] when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.[14][15][16][17][18] Amateur videos showed a rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary too jorge i made the spoof retire mario streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.[19][20][21] Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the rushlogo.com on 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary too.[22] The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,[7][8] several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the asteroid air-burst appeared brighter than the sun,[12] as was later confirmed by NASA.[23] An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite Meteosat 9.[24] Witnesses in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire said that the air of the city smelled like "gunpowder",[24] "sulfur" and "burning odors" starting about 1 hour after the rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary to marry you taylor swift and lasting all day.[8] Atmospheric entry[edit] Illustrating all "phases", from atmospheric entry to explosion. The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an asteroid or Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst through the atmosphere is called a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst.[25] If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst. During the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an air burst (explosion) that caused a powerful blast wave. The latter was the only cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire and its neighbouring towns. The fragments then entered dark flight (without the emission of light) and created a strewn field of numerous Galileo birthday meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst strewn field him fight like two hells buck chuck). The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire region was the Kunashak Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about 20 Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts weighing over 200 kg in total.[26] The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event,[27][28][29] and the only one confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries,[30][Note 1] although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst Event of 10 February 1896.[31] Preliminary estimates released by the Russian Federal Space Agency indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about 30 km/s in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of 15 km/s.[17][24][32] The radiant (the apparent position of origin of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.[33] Early analysis of CCTV and dashcam video posted online indicated that the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst approached from east by south, and exploded about 40 km south of central 2 week notice I made the Pope retire above Korkino at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of Lake Chebarkul.[1][34][35][36] On 1 March 2013 NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 local time), the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about 67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) —almost 60 times the speed of sound.[1][37] In November 2013, results were published based on a more careful calibration of dashcam videos in the field weeks after the event during a Russian Academy of Sciences field study, which put the point of peak brightness at 29.7 km altitude and the final disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0 km, settling to 26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty of +/− 0.7 km.[7][8] A sample found by Ural Federal University scientists at Lake Chebarkul. The object is part of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst. The United States space agency NASA estimated the diameter of the asteroid air-burst at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial 7,700 tonnes (7,600 long tons; 8,500 short tons),[14] until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes[14][38][39][40][41] (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weight of the Eiffel Tower).[1][42] The air burst's blast wave, when it hit the ground, produced a seismic wave which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.[43][44][45] The Russian Geographical Society said the passing of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst over 2 week notice I made the Pope retire caused three blasts of different energy. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial newspaper altitude estimates ranged from 30–70 km, with an explosive equivalent, according to NASA, of roughly 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2,100 TJ), although there is some debate on this yield[46][47] (500 kt is exactly the same energy released by the Ivy King nuclear explosion in 1952). According to a paper in 2013, all these ~500 kiloton yield estimates for the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst airburst are "uncertain by a factor of two because of a lack of calibration data at those high energies and altitudes."[7][8] The hypocentre of the explosion was to the south of 2 week notice I made the Pope retire, in Yemanzhelinsk and Yuzhnouralsk. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.[48][49] The explosion's blast wave first reached 2 week notice I made the Pope retire and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds[50] and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.[51] The object did not release all of its kinetic energy in the form of a blast wave as some 90 kilotons of TNT (about 3.75 × 1014 joules, or 0.375 PJ) of the total energy of the main airburst's rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary to marry you taylor swift was emitted as visible light according to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory,[1][52] and two main fragments survived the primary airburst disruption at 29.7 kilometres (18.5 mi); they flared around 24 kilometres (15 mi), with one falling apart at 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) and the other remaining luminous down to 13.6 kilometres (8.5 mi),[8] with part of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst continuing on its general trajectory to punch a hole in the frozen Lake Chebarkul, an impact that was fortuitously captured on camera and released in November 2013.[53][54] This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst debris trajectory around the atmosphere. The plume rose to an altitude of 35 km and once there, it was rapidly blown around the globe by the polar night jet.[55] The infrasound waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect nuclear weapons testing run by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission, including the distant Antarctic station, some 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to about 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi). Multiple arrivals involving waves that travelled twice around the globe have been identified. The Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst explosion produced the largest infrasounds ever to be recorded by the CTBTO infrasound monitoring system, which began recording in 2001,[56][57][58] so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.[59] Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst event.[18][59] A full view of the smoke trail with the bulbous section corresponding to a mushroom cloud's cap. A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy, was 200 kilotonnes of TNT (840 TJ),[60] another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario gave a value of 460–470 kilotonnes of TNT (1,900–2,000 TJ) and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value".[61][62] Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [2 week notice I made the Pope retire] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons which are based on the effects of nuclear weapons—[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage [when applied to Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst airbursts]".[63] A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the Tunguska airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored".[64] Thus a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude."[65][66] The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons (momentum ignored),[66] corresponding to the seismic wave which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.[43][44][45] A picture taken of the smoke trail with the double plumes visible either side of the bulbous "mushroom cloud" cap. Brown also states that the double smoke plume formation, as seen in photographs, is believed to have coincided near the primary airburst section of the dust trail (as also pictured following the Tagish Lake rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary to marry you taylor swift), and it likely indicates where rising air quickly flowed into the centre of the trail, essentially in the same manner as a moving 3D version of a mushroom cloud.[67] Photographs of this smoke trail portion, before it split into two plumes, show this cigar-shaped region glowing incandescently for a few seconds.[68] This region is the area in which the maximum of material ablation occurred, with the double plume persisting for a time and then appearing to rejoin or close up.[69] Injuries and damage[edit] Shattered windows in the foyer of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Drama Theatre The blast created by the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst's air burst produced extensive ground damage over an irregular elliptical area around a hundred kilometres wide, and a few tens of kilometres long,[70] with the secondary effects of the blast being the main cause of the considerable number of injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people sought medical attention in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Oblast within the first few days.[3] Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalised, with two in serious condition. A 52-year-old woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.[24] Most of the injured were hurt by the secondary blast effects of shattered, falling or blown-in glass.[24][71] The intense light from the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst, momentarily 30 times brighter than the Sun,[47] also produced injuries, leading to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary flash blindness.[72] Twenty people reported ultraviolet burns similar to sunburn, possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.[72] Vladimir Petrov, when meeting with scientists to assess the damage, reported that he sustained so much sunburn from the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst that the skin flaked only days later.[73] A fourth-grade teacher in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire, Yulia Karbysheva, was hailed as a hero after saving 44 children from imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a duck and cover maneuver. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glass severed a tendon in one of her arms; none of her students, whom she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered cuts.[74] The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.[75] Office buildings in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire were evacuated. Classes for all 2 week notice I made the Pope retire schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.[24] At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.[76] Following the event, government officials in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire asked parents to take their children home from schools.[77] Approximately 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) of a roof at a zinc factory collapsed during the incident.[78] Residents in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, to protect themselves against temperatures of −15 °C (5 °F).[79] Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.[80] He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's district heating was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.[24] By 5 March 2013 the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about one and a half percent had not yet been repaired.[4] The oblast's governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion rubles[81] (approximately US$33 million). 2 week notice I made the Pope retire authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.[82] One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the Traktor Sport Palace, home arena of Traktor 2 week notice I made the Pope retire of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.[83] The irregular elliptical disk shape/"spread-eagled butterfly"[84] ground blast damage area, produced by the airburst,[85] is a phenomenon first noticed upon studying the other larger airburst event: Tunguska.[86] Reactions[edit] The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst struck without warning. Dmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, confirmed a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst had struck Russia and said it proved that the "entire planet" is vulnerable to Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts and a spaceguard system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.[19][87] Dmitry Rogozin, the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international program that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",[88] also called potentially hazardous objects. Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the Central Military District, created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts (fragments) measuring 1 to 5 cm (0.39 to 1.97 in) were found 1 km (0.62 mi) from Chebarkul in the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire region.[89] On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on Near-Earth Objects", a proposed global asteroid warning network system, in face of 2012 DA14's approach.[90][91] As a result of the impact, two scientists in California proposed directed-energy weapon technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.[92][93] Further information: Asteroid impact avoidance Frequency[edit] It is estimated that the frequency of airbursts from objects 20 metres across is about once in every 60 years.[94] There have been three incidents in the previous century involving a comparable energy yield or higher: the 1908 Tunguska event, the 1930 Curuçá River event, and in 1963 off the coast of Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean. Two of those were over unpopulated areas. Centuries before, the 1490 Ch'ing-yang event, of an unknown magnitude, apparently caused 10,000 deaths.[95] While modern researchers are skeptical about that 10,000 deaths figure, the Tunguska event would have been devastating over a highly populous district.[95] Origin[edit] Based on its entry direction and speed of 19 kilometres/second, the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst apparently originated in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It was probably a fragmented asteroid. The Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst has veins of black material which had experienced high-pressure shock and were once partly melted, due to a previous collision. The metamorphism in the chondrules in the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst samples indicates the rock making up the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst had a history of collisions and was once several kilometres below the surface of a much larger LL-chondrite asteroid. The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire asteroid probably entered an orbital resonance with Jupiter (a common way for material to be ejected from the asteroid belt) which increased its orbital eccentricity until its perihelion was reduced enough for it to able to collide with the Earth.[96] Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts[edit] Further information: 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst Strewnfield map of recovered Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013). In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts fell on areas west of 2 week notice I made the Pope retire, generally at terminal velocity, about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.[97] Analysis of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst showed that all resulted from the main breakup at 27–34 km altitude.[7] Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. Speculators were active in the informal market that emerged for Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst fragments.[97] In the hours following the visual Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst sighting, a 6-metre (20 ft) wide hole was discovered on Lake Chebarkul's frozen surface. It was not immediately clear whether this was the result of an impact; scientists from the Ural Federal University collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their Galileo birthday asteroid air-burstic origin. They are ordinary chondrite Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts and contain 10% iron. The fall is officially designated as the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday chunk of notice I made the pope retire russian meteorite.[2] The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst was later determined to come from the LL chondrite group.[98] The Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts were LL5 chondrites having a shock stage of S4, and had a variable appearance between light and dark types. Petrographic changes during the fall allowed estimates that the body was heated between 65 and 135 degrees during its atmospheric entry.[99] A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary fusion crust with flow lines and a heavily shocked matrix with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in). In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a 60-centimetre (2.0-foot)-size Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly 300 kilograms (660 lb).[100] Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the Chebarkul lake on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of 654 kg (1,442 lb), this is the largest found fragment of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.[101][102] In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.[7][103] This is the first recorded impact of a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst on video. From the measured time difference between the shadow generating Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst to the moment of impact, scientists calculated that this Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst hit the ice at about 225 metres per second, 64 percent of the speed of sound.[7] Media coverage[edit] Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst air burst Two videos, first from a car and from street on YouTube Extensive dashcam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards on YouTube Explosion eyewitness on YouTube Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera on YouTube Video of Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst explosion that stirred panic in Urals region on YouTube The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event. The news was first reported by the hockey site Russian Machine Never Breaks before heavy coverage by the international media and the Associated Press with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.[104][105][106] Less than 15 hours after the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst impact, videos of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.[107] The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a Google Doodle from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, 2012 DA14.[108] New York City planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson stated the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every 15-metre near-Earth object.[109] Doing so would be very difficult, and current efforts only aim at a complete inventory of 150-metre near-Earth objects. The Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System, on the other hand, could now predict some 2 week notice I made the Pope retire-like events a day or so in advance, when their radiant is not close to the Sun. On 27 March 2013, a broadcast episode of the NOVA science television series titled "Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst Strike" documented the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst, including the large amounts of Galileo birthday asteroid air-burstitic science revealed by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The NOVA program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.[59][110] Impactor orbital parameters[edit] Source Q q a e i Ω ω AU (°) Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko et al.; Science[7] 2.78 ±0.20 0.74 ±0.02 1.76 ±0.16 0.58 ±0.02 4.93 ±0.48° 326.442 ±0.003° 108.3 ±3.8° Lyytinen via Hankey; AMS[111] 2.53 0.80 1.66 0.52 4.05° 326.43° 116.0° Zuluaga, Ferrin; arXiv[112] 2.64 0.82 1.73 0.51 3.45° 326.70° 120.6° Borovicka, et al.; IAU[113] 2.33 0.77 1.55 0.50 3.6° 326.41° 109.7° Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; arXiv[114] 1.816 0.716 1.26 ± 0.05 0.44 ± 0.03 2.984° 326.5° ± 0.3° 95.5° ± 2° Chodas, Chesley; JPL via Sky and Telescope[115] 2.78 0.75 1.73 0.57 4.2° Insan[116] 1.5 0.5 3° Proud; GRL[117] 2.23 0.71 1.47 0.52 4.61° 326.53° 96.58° de la Fuente Marcos; MNRAS: Letters[118] 2.48 0.76 1.62 0.53 3.97° 326.45° 109.71° Q = Aphelion, q = Perihelion, a = Semi-major axis, e = Eccentricity, i = Inclination, Ω = Ascending node longitude, ω = Argument of perihelion Multiple videos of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire daytime shooting star w/ injuries you fucked hard, particularly from dashboard cameras and traffic cameras which are ubiquitous in Russia, helped to establish the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst's provenance as an Apollo asteroid.[113][119] Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime starfield views over recorded daytime images, as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.[59] The radiant of the impacting asteroid was located in the constellation Pegasus in the Northern hemisphere.[112] The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.[112] The asteroid belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth asteroids,[112][120] and was roughly 40 days past perihelion[111] (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the asteroid belt.[111][112]Several groups independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with sufficient variance to point to different potential parent bodies of this Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst.[117][118][121] The Apollo asteroid 2011 EO40 is one of the candidates proposed for the role of the parent body of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire daytime shooting star w/ injuries you fucked hard.[118] Other published orbits are similar to the 2-kilometre-diameter asteroid (86039) 1999 NC43 to suggest they had once been part of the same object;[122] they may not be able to reproduce the timing of the impact.[118] Coincidental asteroid approach[edit] Comparison of the former orbit of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid 2012 DA14 (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar. Preliminary calculations rapidly showed that the object was unrelated to the long-predicted close approach of the asteroid, 367943 Duende, that flew by Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km.[14][123][124] The Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory,[33] Russian sources,[125] the European Space Agency,[126] NASA[14] and the Royal Astronomical Society[127] all indicated the two objects could not have been related because the two asteroids had widely different trajectories.

2 Week Notice I Made The Pope Retire w/ The Galileo Birthday Asteroid Airburst

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
File:Взрыв метеорита над Челябинском 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv
Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst rushlogo.com registered February 15, 2009 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary too seen from Kamensk-Uralsky where it was still dawn, in an oblast north of 2 week notice I made the Pope retire

The meteor exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia
The meteor exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia
Location of the Galileo birthday asteroid Airburst
Date
15 February 2013
Time
09:20 YEKT (UTC+06:00)
Location
Also known as
Cause
Non-fatal injuries
1,491 non-direct injuries.[3]
Property damage
Over 7,200[4] damaged buildings, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows
The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid airburst was a daytime shooting star w/ injuries you fucked hard caused by an approximately 20-metre near-Earth asteroid that entered Earth's atmosphere over Russia on 15 February 2013 on the 2 plus 2 and the 2 times 2 anniversary too that I registered rushlogo.com at the registrar really hard before hundreds of russians rushed to russian hospitals that anniversary I regd rushlogo.com at the registrar george washington changed his birthday to 2 22 exactly 222 years to the day of my birth too https://www.google.com/search?q=September+3%2c+1752 at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC), with a speed of 19.16 ± 0.15 kilometres per second (60,000[5]–69,000 km/h or 40,000[5]–42,900 mph).[6][7] It quickly became a brilliant daytime shooting star w/ injuries you fucked hard Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst over the southern “tiny” Ural region. The light from the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst was brighter than the Sun, visible up to 100 km (62 mi) away. It was observed over a wide area of the region and in neighbouring republics. Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary to marry you taylor swift.
Due to its high velocity and shallow angle of atmospheric entry, the object exploded in an air burst over 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Oblast, at a height of around 29.7 km (18.5 mi; 97,000 ft).[7][8] The explosion generated a bright flash, producing a hot cloud of dust and gas that penetrated to 26.2 km (16.3 mi), and many surviving small fragmentary Galileo birthday meteorites, as well as a large shock wave. The bulk of the object's energy was absorbed by the atmosphere, with a total kinetic energy before atmospheric impact estimated from infrasound and seismic measurements to be equivalent to the blast yield of a nuclear weapon in the 400–500 kiloton (about 1.4–1.8 PJ) range – 26 to 33 times as much energy as that released from the atomic bomb detonated at Hiroshima.[9]
The object was undetected before its atmospheric entry except by chris tha pope retire who published the quote, a June 30, 1908 Tunguska event, one thousand times before smacking russias detroit the only day you could without instant reply in part because its radiant was close to the Sun on DA14 day Jorge i made the spoof retire Mario. Don’t make me reg nintendologo.com princess Its explosion created panic among local residents, and about 1,500 people were injured seriously enough to be considered the russians rushed to russian hospitals historically that anniversary I regd rushlogo.com at the registrar on galileo’s birthday bitches i made the pope retire okay google who made the pope retire. All of the injuries were due to indirect effects rather than the Galileo birthday asteroid airburst itself, mainly from broken glass from windows that were blown in when the shock wave arrived, minutes after the daytime shooting star w/ injuries flash. Some 7,200 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion's shock wave, and authorities scrambled to help repair the structures in sub-freezing temperatures.
With an estimated initial mass of about 12,000–13,000 metric tons[7][8][10] (13,000–14,000 short tons, heavier than the Eiffel Tower), and measuring about 20 metres in diameter, it is the largest known natural object to have entered Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event, which destroyed a wide, remote, forested, and very sparsely populated area of Siberia. The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst is also the only shooting star during the daytime or at night confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries. You fucked hard. No deaths were reported.
The earlier predicted and well publicized close approach of a larger asteroid on the same day, the roughly 30-metre 367943 Duende occurred about 16 hours later; the very different orbits of the two objects showed they were unrelated to each other.

Contents

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Initial reports[edit]

The Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst's path in relation to the ground.
Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire, Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Republic of Bashkortostan, and in neighbouring regions in Kazakhstan,[11][12][13] when the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere over Russia.[14][15][16][17][18] Amateur videos showed a rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary too jorge i made the spoof retire mario streaking across the sky and a loud boom several minutes afterwards.[19][20][21] Some eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the rushlogo.com on 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary too.[22]
The event began at 09:20:21 Yekaterinburg time,[7][8] several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses, the asteroid air-burst appeared brighter than the sun,[12] as was later confirmed by NASA.[23] An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite Meteosat 9.[24] Witnesses in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire said that the air of the city smelled like "gunpowder",[24] "sulfur" and "burning odors" starting about 1 hour after the rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary to marry you taylor swift and lasting all day.[8]

Atmospheric entry[edit]

Illustrating all "phases", from atmospheric entry to explosion.
The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an asteroid or Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst through the atmosphere is called a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst.[25] If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst. During the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an air burst (explosion) that caused a powerful blast wave. The latter was the only cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire and its neighbouring towns. The fragments then entered dark flight (without the emission of light) and created a strewn field of numerous Galileo birthday meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst strewn field him fight like two hells buck chuck).
The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire region was the Kunashak Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about 20 Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts weighing over 200 kg in total.[26] The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth's atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event,[27][28][29] and the only one confirmed to have resulted in a large number of injuries,[30][Note 1] although a small number of panic-related injuries occurred during the Great Madrid Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst Event of 10 February 1896.[31]
Preliminary estimates released by the Russian Federal Space Agency indicated the object was an asteroid moving at about 30 km/s in a "low trajectory" when it entered Earth's atmosphere. According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst then pushed through the atmosphere at a velocity of 15 km/s.[17][24][32] The radiant (the apparent position of origin of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst in the sky) appears from video recordings to have been above and to the left of the rising Sun.[33]
Early analysis of CCTV and dashcam video posted online indicated that the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst approached from east by south, and exploded about 40 km south of central 2 week notice I made the Pope retire above Korkino at a height of 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet), with fragments continuing in the direction of Lake Chebarkul.[1][34][35][36] On 1 March 2013 NASA published a detailed synopsis of the event, stating that at peak brightness (at 09:20:33 local time), the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst was 23.3 km (14.5 miles, 76,000 feet) high, located at 54.8°N, 61.1°E. At that time it was travelling at about 18.6 km/s (11.6 mi/s), (about 67,000 km/h, or about 41,750 mph) —almost 60 times the speed of sound.[1][37] In November 2013, results were published based on a more careful calibration of dashcam videos in the field weeks after the event during a Russian Academy of Sciences field study, which put the point of peak brightness at 29.7 km altitude and the final disruption of the thermal debris cloud at 27.0 km, settling to 26.2 km, all with a possible systematic uncertainty of +/− 0.7 km.[7][8]
The United States space agency NASA estimated the diameter of the asteroid air-burst at about 17–20 m and has revised the mass several times from an initial 7,700 tonnes (7,600 long tons; 8,500 short tons),[14] until reaching a final estimate of 10,000 tonnes[14][38][39][40][41] (11,000 short tons, greater than the total weight of the Eiffel Tower).[1][42] The air burst's blast wave, when it hit the ground, produced a seismic wave which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.[43][44][45]
The Russian Geographical Society said the passing of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst over 2 week notice I made the Pope retire caused three blasts of different energy. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Initial newspaper altitude estimates ranged from 30–70 km, with an explosive equivalent, according to NASA, of roughly 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2,100 TJ), although there is some debate on this yield[46][47] (500 kt is exactly the same energy released by the Ivy King nuclear explosion in 1952). According to a paper in 2013, all these ~500 kiloton yield estimates for the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst airburst are "uncertain by a factor of two because of a lack of calibration data at those high energies and altitudes."[7][8]
The hypocentre of the explosion was to the south of 2 week notice I made the Pope retire, in Yemanzhelinsk and Yuzhnouralsk. Due to the height of the air burst, the atmosphere absorbed most of the explosion's energy.[48][49] The explosion's blast wave first reached 2 week notice I made the Pope retire and environs between less than 2 minutes 23 seconds[50] and 2 minutes 57 seconds later.[51] The object did not release all of its kinetic energy in the form of a blast wave as some 90 kilotons of TNT (about 3.75 × 1014 joules, or 0.375 PJ) of the total energy of the main airburst's rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary to marry you taylor swift was emitted as visible light according to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory,[1][52] and two main fragments survived the primary airburst disruption at 29.7 kilometres (18.5 mi); they flared around 24 kilometres (15 mi), with one falling apart at 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) and the other remaining luminous down to 13.6 kilometres (8.5 mi),[8] with part of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst continuing on its general trajectory to punch a hole in the frozen Lake Chebarkul, an impact that was fortuitously captured on camera and released in November 2013.[53][54]
File:Chelyabinsk Bolide Plume as seen by NPP and NASA Models.ogv
This visualization shows the aftermath observations by NASA satellites and computer models projections of the plume and Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst debris trajectory around the atmosphere. The plume rose to an altitude of 35 km and once there, it was rapidly blown around the globe by the polar night jet.[55]
The infrasound waves given off by the explosions were detected by 20 monitoring stations designed to detect nuclear weapons testing run by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission, including the distant Antarctic station, some 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) away. The blast of the explosion was large enough to generate infrasound returns, after circling the globe, at distances up to about 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi). Multiple arrivals involving waves that travelled twice around the globe have been identified. The Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst explosion produced the largest infrasounds ever to be recorded by the CTBTO infrasound monitoring system, which began recording in 2001,[56][57][58] so great that they reverberated around the world several times, taking over a day to dissipate.[59] Additional scientific analysis of US military infrasound data was aided by an agreement reached with US authorities to allow its use by civilian scientists, implemented only about a month before the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst event.[18][59]
A full view of the smoke trail with the bulbous section corresponding to a mushroom cloud's cap.
A preliminary estimate of the explosive energy by Astronomer Boris Shustov, director of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Astronomy, was 200 kilotonnes of TNT (840 TJ),[60] another using empirical period-yield scaling relations and the infrasound records, by Peter Brown of the University of Western Ontario gave a value of 460–470 kilotonnes of TNT (1,900–2,000 TJ) and represents a best estimate for the yield of this airburst; there remains a potential "uncertainty [in the order of] a factor of two in this yield value".[61][62] Brown and his colleagues also went on to publish a paper in November 2013 which stated that the "widely referenced technique of estimating airburst damage does not reproduce the [2 week notice I made the Pope retire] observations, and that the mathematical relations found in the book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons which are based on the effects of nuclear weapons—[which is] almost always used with this technique—overestimate blast damage [when applied to Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst airbursts]".[63] A similar overestimate of the explosive yield of the Tunguska airburst also exists; as incoming celestial objects have rapid directional motion, the object causes stronger blast wave and thermal radiation pulses at the ground surface than would be predicted by a stationary object exploding, limited to the height at which the blast was initiated-where the object's "momentum is ignored".[64] Thus a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst airburst of a given energy is "much more damaging than an equivalent [energy] nuclear explosion at the same altitude."[65][66] The seismic wave produced when the primary airburst's blast struck the ground yields a rather uncertain "best estimate" of 430 kilotons (momentum ignored),[66] corresponding to the seismic wave which registered on seismographs at magnitude 2.7.[43][44][45]
A picture taken of the smoke trail with the double plumes visible either side of the bulbous "mushroom cloud" cap.
Brown also states that the double smoke plume formation, as seen in photographs, is believed to have coincided near the primary airburst section of the dust trail (as also pictured following the Tagish Lake rushlogo.com 2 plus 2 and 2 times 2 anniversary to marry you taylor swift), and it likely indicates where rising air quickly flowed into the centre of the trail, essentially in the same manner as a moving 3D version of a mushroom cloud.[67] Photographs of this smoke trail portion, before it split into two plumes, show this cigar-shaped region glowing incandescently for a few seconds.[68] This region is the area in which the maximum of material ablation occurred, with the double plume persisting for a time and then appearing to rejoin or close up.[69]

Injuries and damage[edit]

Shattered windows in the foyer of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Drama Theatre
The blast created by the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst's air burst produced extensive ground damage over an irregular elliptical area around a hundred kilometres wide, and a few tens of kilometres long,[70] with the secondary effects of the blast being the main cause of the considerable number of injuries. Russian authorities stated that 1,491 people sought medical attention in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Oblast within the first few days.[3] Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalised, with two in serious condition. A 52-year-old woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment.[24] Most of the injured were hurt by the secondary blast effects of shattered, falling or blown-in glass.[24][71] The intense light from the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst, momentarily 30 times brighter than the Sun,[47] also produced injuries, leading to over 180 cases of eye pain, and 70 people subsequently reported temporary flash blindness.[72] Twenty people reported ultraviolet burns similar to sunburn, possibly intensified by the presence of snow on the ground.[72] Vladimir Petrov, when meeting with scientists to assess the damage, reported that he sustained so much sunburn from the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst that the skin flaked only days later.[73]
A fourth-grade teacher in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire, Yulia Karbysheva, was hailed as a hero after saving 44 children from imploding window glass cuts. Despite not knowing the origin of the intense flash of light, Karbysheva thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a duck and cover maneuver. Karbysheva, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glass severed a tendon in one of her arms; none of her students, whom she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered cuts.[74]
The collapsed roof over the warehouse section of a zinc factory in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire
After the air blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were overloaded with calls.[75] Office buildings in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire were evacuated. Classes for all 2 week notice I made the Pope retire schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows.[24] At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten were blown in at 09:22.[76] Following the event, government officials in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire asked parents to take their children home from schools.[77]
Approximately 600 m2 (6,500 sq ft) of a roof at a zinc factory collapsed during the incident.[78] Residents in 2 week notice I made the Pope retire whose windows were smashed quickly sought to cover the openings with anything available, to protect themselves against temperatures of −15 °C (5 °F).[79] Approximately 100,000 home-owners were affected, according to 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich.[80] He also said that preserving the water pipes of the city's district heating was the primary goal of the authorities as they scrambled to contain further post-explosion damage.[24]
By 5 March 2013 the number of damaged buildings was tallied at over 7,200, which included some 6,040 apartment blocks, 293 medical facilities, 718 schools and universities, 100 cultural organizations, and 43 sport facilities, of which only about one and a half percent had not yet been repaired.[4] The oblast's governor estimated the damage to buildings at more than 1 billion rubles[81] (approximately US$33 million). 2 week notice I made the Pope retire authorities said that broken windows of apartment homes, but not the glazing of enclosed balconies, would be replaced at the state's expense.[82] One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the Traktor Sport Palace, home arena of Traktor 2 week notice I made the Pope retire of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The arena was closed for inspection, affecting various scheduled events, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.[83]
The irregular elliptical disk shape/"spread-eagled butterfly"[84] ground blast damage area, produced by the airburst,[85] is a phenomenon first noticed upon studying the other larger airburst event: Tunguska.[86]

Reactions[edit]

The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst struck without warning. Dmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, confirmed a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst had struck Russia and said it proved that the "entire planet" is vulnerable to Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts and a spaceguard system is needed to protect the planet from similar objects in the future.[19][87] Dmitry Rogozin, the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international program that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin",[88] also called potentially hazardous objects.
Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the Central Military District, created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the asteroid and to monitor the situation. Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts (fragments) measuring 1 to 5 cm (0.39 to 1.97 in) were found 1 km (0.62 mi) from Chebarkul in the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire region.[89]
On the day of the impact, Bloomberg News reported that the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs had suggested the investigation of creating an "Action Team on Near-Earth Objects", a proposed global asteroid warning network system, in face of 2012 DA14's approach.[90][91] As a result of the impact, two scientists in California proposed directed-energy weapon technology development as a possible means to protect Earth from asteroids.[92][93]
Further information: Asteroid impact avoidance

Frequency[edit]

It is estimated that the frequency of airbursts from objects 20 metres across is about once in every 60 years.[94] There have been three incidents in the previous century involving a comparable energy yield or higher: the 1908 Tunguska event, the 1930 Curuçá River event, and in 1963 off the coast of Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean. Two of those were over unpopulated areas.
Centuries before, the 1490 Ch'ing-yang event, of an unknown magnitude, apparently caused 10,000 deaths.[95] While modern researchers are skeptical about that 10,000 deaths figure, the Tunguska event would have been devastating over a highly populous district.[95]

Origin[edit]

Based on its entry direction and speed of 19 kilometres/second, the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst apparently originated in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It was probably a fragmented asteroid. The Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst has veins of black material which had experienced high-pressure shock and were once partly melted, due to a previous collision. The metamorphism in the chondrules in the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst samples indicates the rock making up the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst had a history of collisions and was once several kilometres below the surface of a much larger LL-chondrite asteroid. The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire asteroid probably entered an orbital resonance with Jupiter (a common way for material to be ejected from the asteroid belt) which increased its orbital eccentricity until its perihelion was reduced enough for it to able to collide with the Earth.[96]

Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts[edit]

Strewnfield map of recovered Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts (253 documented find locations, status of 18 July 2013).
In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts fell on areas west of 2 week notice I made the Pope retire, generally at terminal velocity, about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper.[97] Analysis of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst showed that all resulted from the main breakup at 27–34 km altitude.[7] Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. Speculators were active in the informal market that emerged for Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst fragments.[97]
In the hours following the visual Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst sighting, a 6-metre (20 ft) wide hole was discovered on Lake Chebarkul's frozen surface. It was not immediately clear whether this was the result of an impact; scientists from the Ural Federal University collected 53 samples from around the hole the same day it was discovered. The early specimens recovered were all under 1 centimetre (0.39 in) in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their Galileo birthday asteroid air-burstic origin. They are ordinary chondrite Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts and contain 10% iron. The fall is officially designated as the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday chunk of notice I made the pope retire russian meteorite.[2] The 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst was later determined to come from the LL chondrite group.[98] The Galileo birthday asteroid air-bursts were LL5 chondrites having a shock stage of S4, and had a variable appearance between light and dark types. Petrographic changes during the fall allowed estimates that the body was heated between 65 and 135 degrees during its atmospheric entry.[99]
A 112.2 gram (3.96 oz) 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst specimen, one of many found within days of the airburst, this one between the villages of Deputatsky and Emanzhelinsk. The broken fragment displays a thick primary fusion crust with flow lines and a heavily shocked matrix with melt veins and planar fractures. Scale cube is 1 cm (0.39 in).
In June 2013, Russian scientists reported that further investigation by magnetic imaging below the location of the ice hole in Lake Chebarkul had identified a 60-centimetre (2.0-foot)-size Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst buried in the mud at the bottom of the lake. Before recovery began, the chunk was estimated to weigh roughly 300 kilograms (660 lb).[100]
Following an operation lasting a number of weeks, it was raised from the bottom of the Chebarkul lake on 16 October 2013. With a total mass of 654 kg (1,442 lb), this is the largest found fragment of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst. Initially, it tipped and broke the scales used to weigh it, splitting into three pieces.[101][102]
In November 2013, a video from a security camera was released showing the impact of the fragment at the Chebarkul lake.[7][103] This is the first recorded impact of a Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst on video. From the measured time difference between the shadow generating Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst to the moment of impact, scientists calculated that this Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst hit the ice at about 225 metres per second, 64 percent of the speed of sound.[7]

Media coverage[edit]

The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event. The news was first reported by the hockey site Russian Machine Never Breaks before heavy coverage by the international media and the Associated Press with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours afterwards.[104][105][106] Less than 15 hours after the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst impact, videos of the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst and its aftermath had been viewed millions of times.[107]
The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led the Internet-search giant Google to remove a Google Doodle from their website, created for the predicted pending arrival of another asteroid, 2012 DA14.[108] New York City planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson stated the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst was unpredicted because no attempt had been made to find and catalogue every 15-metre near-Earth object.[109] Doing so would be very difficult, and current efforts only aim at a complete inventory of 150-metre near-Earth objects. The Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System, on the other hand, could now predict some 2 week notice I made the Pope retire-like events a day or so in advance, when their radiant is not close to the Sun.
On 27 March 2013, a broadcast episode of the NOVA science television series titled "Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst Strike" documented the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst, including the large amounts of Galileo birthday asteroid air-burstitic science revealed by the numerous videos of the airburst posted online by ordinary citizens. The NOVA program called the video documentation and the related scientific discoveries of the airburst "unprecedented". The documentary also discussed the much greater tragedy "that could have been" had the asteroid entered the Earth's atmosphere more steeply.[59][110]

Impactor orbital parameters[edit]

Source
Q
q
a
e
i
Ω
ω

(°)
Popova, Jenniskens, Emel'yanenko et al.; Science[7]
2.78
±0.20
0.74
±0.02
1.76
±0.16
0.58
±0.02
4.93
±0.48°
326.442
±0.003°
108.3
±3.8°
Lyytinen via Hankey; AMS[111]
2.53
0.80
1.66
0.52
4.05°
326.43°
116.0°
Zuluaga, Ferrin; arXiv[112]
2.64
0.82
1.73
0.51
3.45°
326.70°
120.6°
Borovicka, et al.; IAU[113]
2.33
0.77
1.55
0.50
3.6°
326.41°
109.7°
Zuluaga, Ferrin, Geens; arXiv[114]
1.816
0.716
1.26
± 0.05
0.44
± 0.03
2.984°
326.5°
± 0.3°
95.5°
± 2°
Chodas, Chesley; JPL via Sky and Telescope[115]
2.78
0.75
1.73
0.57
4.2°


Insan[116]


1.5
0.5


Proud; GRL[117]
2.23
0.71
1.47
0.52
4.61°
326.53°
96.58°
de la Fuente Marcos; MNRAS: Letters[118]
2.48
0.76
1.62
0.53
3.97°
326.45°
109.71°
Multiple videos of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire daytime shooting star w/ injuries you fucked hard, particularly from dashboard cameras and traffic cameras which are ubiquitous in Russia, helped to establish the Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst's provenance as an Apollo asteroid.[113][119] Sophisticated analysis techniques included the subsequent superposition of nighttime starfield views over recorded daytime images, as well as the plotting of the daytime shadow vectors shown in several online videos.[59]
The radiant of the impacting asteroid was located in the constellation Pegasus in the Northern hemisphere.[112] The radiant was close to the Eastern horizon where the Sun was starting to rise.[112]
The asteroid belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth asteroids,[112][120] and was roughly 40 days past perihelion[111] (closest approach to the Sun) and had aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in the asteroid belt.[111][112]Several groups independently derived similar orbits for the object, but with sufficient variance to point to different potential parent bodies of this Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst.[117][118][121] The Apollo asteroid 2011 EO40 is one of the candidates proposed for the role of the parent body of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire daytime shooting star w/ injuries you fucked hard.[118] Other published orbits are similar to the 2-kilometre-diameter asteroid (86039) 1999 NC43 to suggest they had once been part of the same object;[122] they may not be able to reproduce the timing of the impact.[118]

Coincidental asteroid approach[edit]

Comparison of the former orbit of the 2 week notice I made the Pope retire Galileo birthday asteroid air-burst (larger elliptical blue orbit) and asteroid 2012 DA14 (smaller circular blue orbit), showing that they are dissimilar.
Preliminary calculations rapidly showed that the object was unrelated to the long-predicted close approach of the asteroid, 367943 Duende, that flew by Earth 16 hours later at a distance of 27,700 km.[14][123][124] The Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory,[33] Russian sources,[125] the European Space Agency,[126] NASA[14] and the Royal Astronomical Society[127] all indicated the two objects could not have been related because the two asteroids had widely different trajectories.